Bioinformatics analysis of functional coding of non-synonymous (nsSNP) and genetic relationship of Alpha casein s1 gene in sheep, goat and cattle was performed using A total of twenty (20) alpha casein s1 nucleotide sequences comprising sheep (6), goat (7) and cattle (7) were retrieved from the GenBank (NCBI) (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The Genbank accession numbers of the sequences were ACJ46473, ACJ46472, AAB34798, AAB34797, XP_012034747 and NP_001009795 (sheep) NP_001272624, ALJ30148, CAA51022, XP_017904622, XP_017904621, XP_017904620 and XP_017904618 (goat) ACG63494, ABW98949, ABW98945, ABW98943, XP_015327132, XP_005208086 and XP_015327137 (cattle). The results of Functional analyses of coding nsSNP of the alpha casein S1 gene of sheep, goat and cattle showed both deleterious/harmful and beneficial/neutral for the three species. The Tajima’s neutrality test showed positive values for all the species. The phylogenetic relationship revealed that similarity and dissimilarity may be due evolution and selection pressure. The study concluded that information revealed will help in genotype-sphenotype selection for milk quality.

In many parts of the world, Amaranthus plants are vegetables, their ornamental plants and their seeds are considered grains. It is also widely used as an animal feed. Paint can be made from colorful flowers. Both the leaves and the small yellow seeds with black specks can be eaten and the dried seeds can be milled to make bread. Amaranth, which is the main grain of Aztecs, is abundantly fibrous and contains high protein. It is also very rich in terms of vitamins and is rich in B2 vitamins (riboflavin), B9 vitamins (folic acid), calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium and zinc. In this study, the effects of different salt levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM NaCl) on the germination of Amaranthus plant in vitro conditions were investigated. Three Amaranthus species were used in the study. The seeds of Amanthus albus, Amaranthus retroflexus and Amaranthus blitoides were collected from Sanliurfa natural herbals. Seeds were germinated in petri dishes containing sterile filter papers. The seeds of Amaranthus albus, Amaranthus blitoides and A.retroflexus seeds began to germinate on the 2nd day after 50 mM and 100 mM NaCl application. In terms of germination percentages, the best results were observed in A. albus.

The computer skills present an economic role for all countries both individually and politically in the current globalized world. The development of these skills requests the modernization of scholar and academic educational spaces. This modernization is necessary as it may allow better opportunities for the new generations as well as instruments to face the current social and economic challenges. However, the technology alone does not guarantee improvements in education and will depend on the pedagogical strategies of teaching and learning including the use of it as supporting and teaching tools. On that purpose, the offering of new alternatives for the elaboration and development of new methodological strategies for teaching biotechnology, a strategic worldwide area, is very important. The analysis of online tools in science education showed that they are very concentrated in the areas of basic technological science (eg. physics, chemistry and biology). Despite the closeness, there are few biotechnology educational initiatives for producing didactical material for teaching this subject outside the online world. Some initiatives were found pointing teaching biotechnology as an area that still has to be explored and better attended in the educational area. In this work, we brief discuss these topics to stimulate the biotechnology educational subarea to produce more process and products for teaching this theme to the society.

Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) is an important cereal used as malt and feed. In the world, 65% of the barley planted in the world is used as animal feed, 33% is used in malt production of beer and whiskey and biodiesel production, and 2% is used as human food in the food industry. In the world, barley in cereal production is the fourth after corn, wheat and rice. Barley in Turkey; It is in second place after wheat production. In Turkey, 90% of the consumption is used as animal feed, and the remaining portion is used as malt in beer industry and food industry. The rate used in food industry is very low and the rate used in beer industry is increasing every year. In this study; the effect of microbial fertilizers on germination in barley plant in in vitro conditions was investigated. Two barley varieties were used in the study. The sterilized seeds were germinated at 25 oC in petri dishes containing sterile filter paper. Microbial fertilizers used commercially were liquid seaweed, agritonic, finish seed and T22 Planter box. Germination rates of microbial fertilizers on barley seeds were examined for two weeks. The effect of fertilizers on the germination of barley plants varied.

Climate changes are threatening the production of a camel in the Ethiopian Somali region. Its risk management and suitable coping strategies are not yet studied in the study area. Therefore, the current study is very crucial to assess the climate change risks management and coping strategies for sustainable camel production. Primary and secondary data were collected. During this study, 20 households were purposively selected from each kebelles. Simple Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. 19.6% of the respondents suggested that the impact of climate were Camel disease incidence, Feed shortage, and Water shortage equally. Furthermore, the study showedn that climate change impacts negatively on camel production and thus camel owners need to use risk management and coping strategies. 24.8% usedwere use Temporary camel relocation to other zones. While, Restocking, Planting drought tolerant browses trees and Conservingconserving rain water were the next strategies respectively. Awareness creation among pastoralists and agropastoral regarding on the dangers of climate change, and risk management and coping strategies for sustainable camel production, vigorous dissemination of the technologies/ / information and follow-up to ensure utilization and/or application are strongly recommended. Beside,Besides, Government should also assist camel farmers with reliable water sources such as canals and dams.

The present study was detected of alkaloid compounds in 26 plants used in Ethnoveterinary medicine in Sudan. Crude extracts for the plant samples were obtained using Five solvents (ethanol, petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and aqueous). Phytochemical screening method on the ethanolic and aqueous extracts. Revealed that alkaloids were abundant in most candidate plant except only five, namely; Maerva crassifolia (stem park), Pennisetum orientale (seeds), Balanites aegyptiaca (fruit), Cucurbita moschata (seeds) and Conocarpus erectus (leaves). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) used to detection of alkaloids in those plants extracts have shown good results.

Based on the local availability we have chosen the plant Psidium guajava Linn for our study, which are rich in polyphenols (bioactive compounds/molecules). The objective of our study is to evaluate the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of aqueous extract of P.guajava Linn leaves. In this context, the in vitro antioxidant activity was done by 2,2-diphenyl1-1-picrylhydrazyl, hydroxyl radical and H2O2 radical scavenging, ferrous ion chelating, ferric reducing power, total antioxidant capacity and by the protection against peroxidation of ß-carotene-linoleic acid in emulsion. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by studying membrane of human red blood cells against different hypotonic concentrations of NaCl and against heat inhibiting the denaturation of albumin. P.guajava Linn showed in vitro anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the heat induced albumin denaturation and red blood cells membrane stabilization. Our results showed that aqueous leaf extract of P.guajava Linn has good antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory properties. P.guajava Linn aqueous extract can be used to prevent oxidative damage and inflammatory processes.

Microsatellites are short segments of repetitive DNA sequences distributed throughout the eukaryotic genome and used as molecular markers for various purposes in applied biology. These are tandem repeats of 1-6 nucleotides like di-, tri-, tetra- or hexa nucleotides occurring at high frequency in the nuclear genomes of different taxa including most of the vertebrates. These constitute only a few percent of the genomes depending on their compactness but have become the markers of choice for high-resolution population analysis due to high variability, ease and accuracy of assaying. In modern trends of genetics, molecular biology, biotechnology and genetic engineering pertinent to animal, plant and microbes, these markers have contributed a lot to upgrade the knowledge and information. These are preferred as extremely valuable tools for genome mapping in many organisms over erstwhile markers and are integrated with other morphological features of various organisms helping to identify species or strains accurately. These have been used extensively since last few decades for versatile purposes in various parts of world and are applied to different organisms where fishes are not an exception. As versatile genetic markers, these have been applied in many studies on genetics and resource management of fishes as well as for analyzing pedigree, population structure, genome variation, evolutionary process and fingerprinting. This strengthens management and protection of fish germplasm. These are also integrated with many other tools of recent advancement in biotechnology, molecular biology and genetic engineering vis-a-vis other traditional technologies like captive breeding and fish milt cryopreservation for conserving genetic diversity and rehabilitation of the natural populations of fishes. However, there is still a long way to go before these are applied in each species of fish. The present article reviews a compilation of many references on utilities of microsatellite markers for different purposes applied to various types of fishes and non fishes.

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) has been the most disease that recorded high number in Iraqi population, Interleukin-4 (IL-4) have been reported to associate with pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA); which it is role of IL-4 genetic polymorphisms in RA. Method: A total of 50 unrelated IRAQ patients with RA and 40 healthy Iraqi volunteers with no family histories of any autoimmune diseases were recruited. The promoter IL-4-590 C/T polymorphisms were genotyped gene polymorphism implemented used RFLP technique. Result:The results show The genotype distributions and allele frequencies of IL-4-590 C/T polymorphisms in RA patients were significantly different from healthy Statistically significant differences were observed in genotypes for IL-4-590 .The frequencies of the T allele on the IL- 4-590 were significantly increased in RA patients. Conclusion. The IL-4-590 promoter polymorphisms may be associated with increased risk of RA and could be used as genetic marker for assessing the susceptibility and severity of RA in Iraqi.

The C-terminal region of the zinc finger protein ZNF191(243-368) contains a putative DNA-binding domain containing four Cys2His2 zinc finger motifs. To understand the properties and functions of the zinc finger motifs, a deletion gene of ZNF191(243-368) was inserted into pGEX-4T-2. The recombinant vector was transformed into Escherichia coli BL21, and a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein was expressed and purified using glutathione agarose affinity resin. The results show that this expression system can be used to express and purify zinc finger deletion mutants of ZNF191(243-368), providing a basis for further investigation of this protein.

In this paper, the effect of annealing temperature on properties of gold thin films has been investigated. Au thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by the electron beam coating technique and afterward subjected to annealing in a mixed ambient of air and oxygen at 575, 650, 725, 800 and 875 K for 1 h and then cold slowly. The crystallographic structure of Au thin films was studied as a function of the annealing temperature. X-ray diffraction was used to estimate the crystallographic texture, grain size. All the films were found to have crystalline structure. The films morphologies were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The surface topographies were studied using atomic force microscopy (AFM). (AFM) analysis showed the gold layer growth to be running over isolated islands. The XRD and SEM and AFM results confirmed the presence of gold particle in thin films.

Amino acids, vitamins and lipids are the important micronutrients in rice grains. Their synthesis and regulation have important effects on the normal growth and development in rice seeds. This review has mainly summarized the new advances in the synthesis and regulation of amino acids, vitamins and lipids in rice grains. Simultaneously, the challenges of the synthesis and accumulation of the micronutrients in rice grains were also discussed. This review provides important information for genetic improvement of grain quality in rice and, potentially, other staple cereals.

Aim: Amylases are the extracellular enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of carbohydrates contain glucose as monomers and attracted a worldwide enzyme market due to their potential applications in various industries like food, pharmaceutical, textile industries etc. The present study was conducted to isolate and characterize the high yielding amylase producer isolated from marine water sample using various natural and synthetic carbon sources for fermentation. Methodology and Results: Bacillus cereus was isolated from marine water (Visakhapatnam, India) for the production of extracellular amylase enzyme. The isolate was examined for the extracellular amylase production using starch agar media and results showed a large clearance zone in the starch agar plate which indicates that it was able to produce amylase in a considerable quantity. The production of enzyme by the B.cereus was initially detected using Pikovskaya’s medium at temperature 37oC, pH 7.0 for 24h of incubation time. The various process parameters were optimized, pH, temperature, various natural and synthetic carbon sources respectively. The optimal conditions for the production of amylase enzyme were found at temperature 37oC (1890 µg/ml) and pH 6.0 (2000 µg/ml). Among the various synthetic carbon sources tested for optimum production lactose sugar will much enhances the production 5520µg/ml at 1% sugar concentration and in natural carbon sources maximum amount was produced with jaggery 2140 µg/ml at 5% concentration. Conclusion, Significance and Impact of Study: From the study it was concluded that Bacillus cereus was the efficient a-amylase enzyme producer by utilization of various synthetic and natural carbon sources for fermentation. A considerable interest can be given in using jaggery, wheat flour and barley as an alternative sources of carbon for a-amylase production by Bacillus cereus and makes the production economically feasible at industrial level.